Devil In The Details

Based on research by Brian Rountree, Andrew B. Jackson and Marlene Plumlee

• A new, data-intensive technique can create a better profile of a firm and its profit forecast.
• Three firm-specific components — market, industry and idiosyncratic factors that are unique to a given firm — are enough to markedly improve the accuracy of a company’s profit forecasts.
• Investors can apply these more accurate projections to their calculations of a firm’s overall value. 

Earnings summaries are the corporate version of a Magic 8 Ball, something used to forecast future performance and profit. But Rice Business professor Brian Rountree has found that magic has its limits, and that by delving into a few additional areas of interest, investors can get a more accurate prediction of a company’s future earnings than current techniques allow.

Plenty of studies analyze how to use performance summaries to calculate a firm’s potential and future profits. Building on the abundant literature around this approach, Rountree, working with colleagues Andrew B. Jackson of the UNSW Australia Business School and Marlene Plumlee of the University of Utah, devised a new, additional technique for forecasting profits. By dissecting an assortment of operating details, the researchers discovered, it’s possible to create a more precise forecast of a company’s financial future.

Rather than replacing prior work on the subject, Rountree’s team delved deeper into the significance of details within existing data. Their focus: whether including a firm’s market, its overall industry and any unique activity specific to the firm makes for a more reliable profit forecast. Their conclusion: Firms can indeed improve their predictions if they separate returns on net operating assets (RNOA) into separate components and use those figures in their projections.

Normally, firms use market and industry related data to create future profit predictions. For example, a major oil company might use data on market conditions and the overall state of the oil industry to build its profits prediction. The resulting financial literature might be peppered with statements such as, “Like the rest of big oil…” or “The overall market for oil remains soft.” 

While this type of data is typically used to make projections, Rountree and his colleagues used the market and industry information more formally by creating the equivalent of stock return betas — a statistical measure of risk — for corporate earnings. In addition, they allowed for adding firm-specific information to market and industry information to help forecast earnings. 

To conduct their study, Rountree’s team used Compustat quarterly data to calculate firm, industry and market RNOAs from 1976 to 2014. Next, they broke these figures down and separated the results into different categories. 

Their resulting formula differs from the conventional approach because it doesn’t rely on one average set of market and industry-related data for each firm. Instead, it assumes varying factors for each company. The devil is in these details: Calculating specific market, industry and firm-idiosyncratic components improves the chances of forecasting profits correctly. 

Correctly breaking down and separating profitability details to plug into the new formula is no small task. Separating company data into just three components requires up to 20 quarters of figures about prior profitability. 

Once the information is processed, a researcher must then be vigilant for “noise” — incidental, irrelevant data that can lead to errors. Finally, Rountree warns, the breakdown process may not work as well for forecasting bankruptcy as it does for profits.

Used correctly, however, the technique is a practical new tool. By breaking down profitability into market, industry and firm-specific idiosyncrasies, researchers can improve forecasts strikingly compared to conventional calculations of total RNOAs.

The most accurate profit forecasts in other words, demand more than just a figurative shake of an industry Magic 8 Ball. To find the most reliable information about future earnings, a company instead has to flawlessly juggle years’ worth of specific details about their particular firm. But the reward of planning based on a correct forecast can pay for itself. 

Brian Rountree is an associate professor of accounting at Jones Graduate School of Business at Rice University. 

To learn more, please see: Jackson, A. B., Plumlee, M. A., & Rountree, B. R. (2018). Decomposing the market, industry, and firm components of profitability: Implications for forecasts of profitability. Review of Accounting Studies, 23, 1071-1095.